Corrections may be issued when a published article contains an error that does not invalidate the overall findings or conclusions but requires amendment to ensure the accuracy of the scholarly record. Corrections may include errors in text, tables, figures, author information, metadata, or other published elements.

Retraction may be considered in circumstances including, but not limited to:

• Major errors that invalidate the findings or conclusions.
• Fabrication or falsification of research data.
• Plagiarism or substantial unattributed use of another work.
• Duplicate or redundant publication.
• Serious violations of research or publication ethics.
• Undisclosed conflicts of interest that substantially affect the reliability of the work.
• Other circumstances that seriously compromise the integrity of the published article.

Decisions concerning corrections or retractions are made by the editorial team after appropriate assessment of the reported issue and, where necessary, consultation with authors, reviewers, or relevant experts. Correction and retraction notices will clearly identify the affected article and provide sufficient information regarding the reason for the action. The original publication will remain part of the scholarly record whenever technically and ethically appropriate, with its status clearly indicated.