The abstract should provide a concise and informative overview of the entire study. It should be written as a single paragraph consisting of 200–250 words and should be understandable independently of the main manuscript.

The abstract should include the following essential components:

• Background: briefly describe the research context, problem, or motivation.
• Objective: clearly state the main purpose or objective of the study.
• Methodology: briefly describe the research approach, method, model, dataset, or experimental procedure.
• Results: present the most important findings or outcomes of the study.
• Conclusion: state the main conclusion and contribution of the research.

English manuscripts require an English abstract only, while Indonesian manuscripts require both Indonesian and English abstracts.

Do not include citations, tables, figures, equations, references, or undefined abbreviations in the abstract. Authors should emphasize the most important findings and contributions rather than providing extensive general background information.

The Introduction section should generally consist of six paragraphs, arranged in a logical progression from the broader research context to the specific objectives, novelty, and contributions of the study. Each paragraph should have a clear purpose and be logically connected to the following paragraph.

Paragraph 1 – Research Background and Context:
Introduce the general research area, current phenomenon, technological development, or broader problem being addressed. Explain the relevance and importance of the research topic in the current context. The discussion should be supported by appropriate and recent references where necessary.

Paragraph 2 – Existing Problems and Challenges:
Describe the specific problems, limitations, or challenges associated with the research topic. Explain the consequences or implications of these problems and why they require further investigation. The problem statement should be specific and directly related to the focus of the research.

Paragraph 3 – Previous Studies:
Discuss relevant previous research related to the research topic. Present the main approaches, methods, models, systems, findings, or developments reported in earlier studies. Authors should use relevant, credible, and up-to-date references to establish the current state of research. The discussion should not merely list previous studies but should critically synthesize their findings and approaches.

Paragraph 4 – Research Gap:
Clearly identify the limitations, weaknesses, inconsistencies, or unresolved issues in previous studies. Explain what has not yet been adequately addressed and establish the specific research gap that motivates the present study. The research gap should be supported by the literature discussed in the preceding paragraph and should provide a clear justification for conducting the research.

Paragraph 5 – Proposed Approach and Novelty:
Explain how the present study addresses the identified research gap. Briefly introduce the proposed method, framework, model, system, algorithm, or approach and explain its relationship to the identified problem. Clearly emphasize the novelty and originality of the study and explain how the proposed approach differs from or improves upon previous studies.

Paragraph 6 – Research Objectives and Contributions:
Conclude the Introduction by clearly stating the main research objective or research questions. Briefly describe the expected theoretical, methodological, practical, or technological contributions of the study. This paragraph should provide a clear transition to the methodology presented in the subsequent section.

The Introduction should avoid presenting detailed methodological procedures, research results, or conclusions. All claims concerning previous research should be supported by appropriate scholarly references, with priority given to recent and relevant publications.

The Research Methodology section should explain how the research was conducted in sufficient detail to allow other researchers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the study.

Authors should clearly describe the research design, research setting or context, data sources, population and sample where applicable, data collection procedures, research instruments, variables or criteria, analytical methods, algorithms, mathematical models, and software or hardware used in the research.

For computational, information technology, artificial intelligence, data mining, or decision-support research, authors should provide sufficient information about the dataset, preprocessing procedures, model or algorithm configuration, parameter settings, experimental procedures, validation techniques, and evaluation metrics.

Where mathematical models or algorithms are used, their formulation and calculation procedures should be explained clearly. Flowcharts, research frameworks, system architectures, experimental procedures, or methodological diagrams may be included when they improve understanding.

The methodology should contain sufficient information to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and methodological validity. Authors should explain the procedures in a logical sequence and provide appropriate justification for the selected methods.

Avoid presenting research findings, interpretation, or conclusions in this section. Any method, dataset, software, algorithm, or external resource used in the research should be described accurately and, where appropriate, properly cited.

The Results and Discussion section should present and interpret the findings of the research in a logical and systematic manner. Authors should first present the main results obtained from the research and then explain their meaning and implications.

Results may be presented using tables, figures, graphs, charts, equations, or other appropriate forms of visualization. Each table and figure must be numbered consecutively, have a clear caption, and be explicitly discussed in the manuscript. Authors should not merely repeat the information contained in tables or figures but should highlight the most important findings.

The Discussion should explain why the results were obtained, relate the findings to the research objectives and research questions, and compare them with relevant findings from previous studies. Authors should explain whether the findings support, extend, or differ from previous research and provide reasonable scientific or methodological explanations.

This section should also discuss the novelty, theoretical contribution, practical implications, strengths, and limitations of the research where appropriate. Claims should be supported by the presented evidence and should not go beyond what can reasonably be concluded from the data.

Statistical results, model performance, experimental outcomes, or ranking results should be presented accurately and supported by appropriate evaluation measures. Where applicable, authors are encouraged to report relevant statistical significance, confidence intervals, error measures, comparative results, or other indicators of research reliability.

Authors should ensure a clear distinction between reported results and their interpretation. The Discussion should establish a clear connection between the research findings, previous studies, research gap, and stated contribution of the research.

The Conclusion should provide a concise synthesis of the most important findings of the research and directly address the stated research objectives or research questions. It should not simply repeat the Results and Discussion but should explain the main contribution and significance of the findings.

The Conclusion should clearly state what has been achieved through the research and, where appropriate, describe its practical, theoretical, methodological, or technological implications.

Authors should avoid introducing new data, arguments, references, or findings that have not been discussed in the main manuscript. All conclusions should be supported by the results presented in the study.

Where relevant, the Conclusion may briefly state the research limitations and provide specific recommendations or directions for future research. Future research recommendations should be based on the limitations or findings of the present study rather than being presented as general suggestions.

A strong Conclusion should clearly answer the following questions:

• What are the main findings of the research?
• To what extent have the research objectives been achieved?
• What is the main contribution of the study?
• What are the important implications of the findings?
• What limitations remain?
• What future research could be conducted based on the findings?